Difference between revisions of "The equation that broke the Internet"

Revision as of 21:06, 25 August 2020

The Casio fx-9860 GII SD returns the correct answer to the equation as given, and the answer that a less sophisticated calculator would return.

6÷2(1+2)=? is the pre-algebra question that a majority of respondents seem to get wrong. If you are in the camp that knows the correct answer is 1, read no further. If you believe the answer is 9, you should probably review this document -- there is only one number that 6 can be divided by to result in 9, and that number is 2/3.

Proof incorrect solution

We substitute x for 2(1+2) from the equation:

If

6÷x = 9

then

6÷9 = x

there is a Common Denominator of 3 so we reduce the fraction...

2÷3 = x

Now we compare the value given in the equation to the value we find for x.

2÷3 != 2(1+2)

Therefore:

6÷2(1+2) != 9

Processing rules

In the majority of incorrect proofs, the respondent will cite PEMDAS or BODMAS, however these solvers incorrectly resolve the [P]arentheses or [B]rackets of PEMDAS - BODMAS, ignoring the Distributive Law. For some reason, they believe that they can solve within the parentheses, but ignore the adjacent and dependent coefficient.

Distributive law, in mathematics, the law relating the operations of multiplication and addition, stated symbolically, a(b + c) = ab + ac; that is, the monomial factor a is distributed, or separately applied, to each term of the binomial factor b + c, resulting in the product ab + ac.

–Encyclopedia Britticana

Therefore, in 6÷2(1+2)=?, we start with the Distributive Law in the Parenthesis step of the Order of Operations.

6÷(2*1 + 2*2)=?

6÷(2 + 4)=?

6÷(6)=?

6÷6=1

Wolfram Mathworld also confirms that this is the way we handle parenthetical expressions:

1. Parentheses are used in mathematical expressions to denote modifications to normal order of operations (precedence rules)...

[...]

3. Parentheses are used to enclose the variables of a function in the form f(x), which means that values of the function f are dependent upon the values of x.

–Parenthesis

So the fatal error with solvers who emphasize the left to right rule, is in incorrectly handling the Parentheses step, disregarding the Distributive Law.

~~6÷2(3)~~

Some are even compelled to add an explicit multiplier, not given in the equation.

~~6÷2*(3)~~

The Fundamentals of Algebra (1983)

Parenthetical Expression. The parenthesis was described in Chapter 1 as a grouping symbol. When an algebraic expression is enclosed by a parenthesis it is known as a parenthetical expression. When a parenthetical expression is immediately preceded by coefficient, the parenthetical expression is a factor and must be multiplied by the coefficient. This is done in the following manner.
5(a + b) = 5a + 5b

3a(b - c) = 3ab - 3ac
–"Technical Shop Mathematics / Edition 2", by John G. Anderson, ISBN-13:9780831111458, Industrial Press, Inc., 02/28/1983, Page:138

The equation is not ambiguous

Standing alone, 6 will always equal 6 and 2(1+2) will also always equal six, so dividing these two terms will always equal 1. We would not write 2(a+b) as (2(a+b)), nor would we re-write the given equation as 6÷2*(a+b). Granted, the obelus (÷) is an archaic symbol for division, but this is not a postgraduate level equation, this is middle-school level math.

2(1+2) is understood to be a function, placing this function anywhere in a larger equation must always resolve to the same value. The equation, 6÷2(1+2)=? is illustrative to why we cannot substitute explicit multiplication for implied multiplication, in other words, 6÷2(1+2) is not equal to 6÷2*(1+2).

Implied multiplication has a higher priority than explicit multiplication to allow users to enter expressions, in the same manner as they would be written.
–Implied Multiplication Versus Explicit Multiplication on TI Graphing Calculators

Correctly solving left to right

If we insist on a left to right solution, ignoring both PEMDAS and the Distributive Law, we can do this with the Least Common Denominator rule

6÷2(1+2)=?

3÷(1+2)=?

3÷(3)=?

3÷3=1

When we reduce by the common denominator, the division is sustained...

Solution written as a fraction

In the denominator, both the coefficient and the factor must be divided in the following manner.

6

2(1+2)

=

3

(1+2)

=

3

= 1

The calculator problem

The Desmos Scientific Calculator handles our given equation correctly. The error checking appears to be built into the division key.

Entering the equation into a programming language, or low quality calculator requires the explicit multiplication symbol and outer parenthesis.

6÷2(1+2) == 6÷(2*(1+2))

@@ Line 141: / Line 141: @@
 The [https://www.desmos.com/scientific Desmos Scientific Calculator] handles our given equation correctly. The error checking appears to be built into the division key.
+Entering the equation into a programming language, or low quality calculator requires the explicit multiplication symbol and outer parenthesis.
+'''6÷2(1+2) == 6÷(2*(1+2))'''
+<!--
 I realized that shorthand parenthetical notation could become a problem when I was taking a 'C' programming course in college. Unfortunately, we are still using code that was written for computers that had severe memory limitations.
@@ Line 178: / Line 182: @@
 </div>
 '''Therefore,''' if the calculator module has already processed the division 6÷2 by the time it reaches the parenthesis, the coefficient and the accompanying implicit multiplication has been eliminated. The division must be sustained to apply to the remainder of the function, in left to right processing, it cannot be presumed that an implicit/implied operator always infers multiplication in computer mathematics modules. In this case, the processing must branch.
+-->